smap radiometer  (Informa UK Limited)

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: SMAP-Reflectometry—Conceptual sketch of SMAP radiometer and SMAP-Reflectometer measurements while scanning the Earth’s surface, including brightness temperature ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${T}_{Bv}$$\end{document} T Bv ) measurements from SMAP radiometer (top-left) and reflectivity ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Γ vv ) measurements computed from SMAP-Reflectometer data (bottom-left), gridded at 36 km and 9 km, respectively, for 1 year of data in 2018. Note that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Γ vv is estimated from the Stokes parameters computed from SMAP-Reflectometer data by assuming negligible cross-polarization. This is further explained in “ ” section. SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ). The Artist’ rendering is modified using Microsoft PowerPoint for Mac version 16.69 from the original image (Credit to NASA/JPL-Caltech) freely available in ( https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia19133-soil-moisture-active-passive-satellite ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques: Modification

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: A unique view of the Earth’s surface achieved by SMAP GNSS-R dataset gridded 9 km during the year 2018: ( a ) Reflectivity at v-polarization ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Γ vv ) computed from the SMAP GNSS-R Dataset for the first quarter (Q1: January to March), ( b ) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Γ vv computed from the SMAP GNSS-R Dataset for the third quarter (Q3: July to September); and difference \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Delta\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Δ Γ vv observed between Q1 and ( c ) Q2: April to June, ( d ) Q3: July to September; and ( e ) Q4: October to December. All figures made with Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sensitivity of SMAP GNSS-R dataset gridded 9 km to VOD variations of 0.1 for a range of SM: ( a ) [0.0 – 0.1] m 3 /m 3 , ( b ) [0.1 – 0.2] m 3 /m 3 , ( c ) [0.2 – 0.3] m 3 /m 3 , and ( d ) [0.3 – 0.4] m 3 /m 3 . All figures made with Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Aided-interpolation of SMAP radiometer data using SMAP-Reflectometer data over the study region: ( a ) SMAP-Reflectometer \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{hh}$$\end{document} Γ hh at 9 km, ( b ) SMAP-Reflectometer \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Γ vv at 9 km, ( c ) Polarimetric ratio computed as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathrm{PR}=(\Gamma }_{hh}- {\Gamma }_{vv})/\left({\Gamma }_{hh}+ {\Gamma }_{vv}\right)$$\end{document} PR = ( Γ hh - Γ vv ) / Γ hh + Γ vv , ( d ) VOD of the region, ( e ) soil moisture of the region, and ( f ) resulting SMAP \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${T}_{Bv}$$\end{document} T Bv at 9 km. All figures made with Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: SM retrieved over Florida's region using ( a ) original \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${T}_{Bv}$$\end{document} T Bv from SMAP radiometer alone at 36 km, ( b ) enhanced \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${T}_{Bv}$$\end{document} T Bv through Backus-Gilbert, and ( c ) aided-interpolated \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${T}_{Bv}$$\end{document} T Bv resulting from combining SMAP radiometer and SMAP-Reflectometer. All figures made with Matlab R2021b. (version 9.11.0.1809720, URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Soil Moisture Analysis: ( a ) Mean difference between mean SM from SMAP original TBs and SM from enhanced SMAP TBs using SMAP-R; ( b ) box plot of the mean and std of the differences between SM products as a function of VOD; and ( c ) comparison of 2018 monthly soil moisture (SM) means for the Core Validation Site (CVS) in Little River, Georgia, with VOD values ranging from 0.363 to 0.559 through the year. All figures made with Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: SMAP-Reflectometry—Conceptual sketch of SMAP radiometer and SMAP-Reflectometer measurements while scanning the Earth’s surface, including brightness temperature ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${T}_{Bv}$$\end{document} T Bv ) measurements from SMAP radiometer (top-left) and reflectivity ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Γ vv ) measurements computed from SMAP-Reflectometer data (bottom-left), gridded at 36 km and 9 km, respectively, for 1 year of data in 2018. Note that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Γ vv is estimated from the Stokes parameters computed from SMAP-Reflectometer data by assuming negligible cross-polarization. This is further explained in “ ” section. SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ). The Artist’ rendering is modified using Microsoft PowerPoint for Mac version 16.69 from the original image (Credit to NASA/JPL-Caltech) freely available in ( https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia19133-soil-moisture-active-passive-satellite ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques: Modification

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: A unique view of the Earth’s surface achieved by SMAP GNSS-R dataset gridded 9 km during the year 2018: ( a ) Reflectivity at v-polarization ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Γ vv ) computed from the SMAP GNSS-R Dataset for the first quarter (Q1: January to March), ( b ) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Γ vv computed from the SMAP GNSS-R Dataset for the third quarter (Q3: July to September); and difference \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Delta\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Δ Γ vv observed between Q1 and ( c ) Q2: April to June, ( d ) Q3: July to September; and ( e ) Q4: October to December. All figures made with Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sensitivity of SMAP GNSS-R dataset gridded 9 km to VOD variations of 0.1 for a range of SM: ( a ) [0.0 – 0.1] m 3 /m 3 , ( b ) [0.1 – 0.2] m 3 /m 3 , ( c ) [0.2 – 0.3] m 3 /m 3 , and ( d ) [0.3 – 0.4] m 3 /m 3 . All figures made with Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Aided-interpolation of SMAP radiometer data using SMAP-Reflectometer data over the study region: ( a ) SMAP-Reflectometer \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{hh}$$\end{document} Γ hh at 9 km, ( b ) SMAP-Reflectometer \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Gamma }_{vv}$$\end{document} Γ vv at 9 km, ( c ) Polarimetric ratio computed as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathrm{PR}=(\Gamma }_{hh}- {\Gamma }_{vv})/\left({\Gamma }_{hh}+ {\Gamma }_{vv}\right)$$\end{document} PR = ( Γ hh - Γ vv ) / Γ hh + Γ vv , ( d ) VOD of the region, ( e ) soil moisture of the region, and ( f ) resulting SMAP \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${T}_{Bv}$$\end{document} T Bv at 9 km. All figures made with Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: SM retrieved over Florida's region using ( a ) original \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${T}_{Bv}$$\end{document} T Bv from SMAP radiometer alone at 36 km, ( b ) enhanced \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${T}_{Bv}$$\end{document} T Bv through Backus-Gilbert, and ( c ) aided-interpolated \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${T}_{Bv}$$\end{document} T Bv resulting from combining SMAP radiometer and SMAP-Reflectometer. All figures made with Matlab R2021b. (version 9.11.0.1809720, URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The first polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometer instrument in space improves the SMAP mission’s sensitivity over densely vegetated areas

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30805-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Soil Moisture Analysis: ( a ) Mean difference between mean SM from SMAP original TBs and SM from enhanced SMAP TBs using SMAP-R; ( b ) box plot of the mean and std of the differences between SM products as a function of VOD; and ( c ) comparison of 2018 monthly soil moisture (SM) means for the Core Validation Site (CVS) in Little River, Georgia, with VOD values ranging from 0.363 to 0.559 through the year. All figures made with Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, URL: https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Article Snippet: SMAP Radiometer and SMAP Reflectometer satellite data maps have been created using Matlab R2021b (version 9.11.0.1809720, https://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2021b.html ).

Techniques: